The Timeline
The list below has been compiled over a long period of time from multiple sources. Of course people will disagree with some parts of it and that is fine, I put it out here for discussion. Though I tend to avoid more 'traditional' or semi-'mythic' events, I have included a few here to help fill in the picture. (But these are small in number). This is, as far as I know, the longest list of dates about the history of the Anglo Saxon migration to, and settlement of, Britain.
367
Pictish raids. Hadrian’s Wall badly damaged. Many Roman troops deserted and fled south. Picts plundered far into southern Britain. Brief revival of paganism, though quickly stopped.
368
Many military initiatives taken to secure towns and build defenses.
370
For the time being, Britain largely secure from barbarian raids.
383
Magnus Maximus, probably Dux Britanniarum, rebelled and took many troops to Gaul.
385
St. Patrick (Patricius [from patrician] Magonus or Maun) born somewhere on western coastline of Britain.
397
A Saxon raid is reported, though where is unknown.
401
St.Patrick captured by Irish pirates, sold as a slave in Antrim.
402
Stilicho withdraws some legions from Britain to face a threat to Italy by the Gauls.
405
Irish King Niall raids Britain, most likely the western coast.
406
Constantine III proclaimed Emperor in Britain. Two others were elected before him but did nothing – Marcus and Gratian. Both of these men ruled only for a few months each but were soon killed.
407
St.Patrick escapes Ireland.
408
Last Roman troops withdrawn from Britain. A political party, perhaps the Pelagians, wanting self rule, become powerful. Stilicho dies.
409
Propser says the Britons evicted weak Roman officials and began fighting for themselves.
410
Emperor Honorius refuses request from British authorities for military aid for combat against the Picts. He addressed his reply to the local councils, not to a Comes or dux Britanniarum. Councils decide to look to their own defenses. Britain declares its independence from Rome. Rome sacked by the Goths under Alaric on 24 August.
411-412
Saxon raid on Channel coast. A new government/council formed in the absence of Roman rule. Ambrosius the Elder proclaimed Emperor, either now or in the next few years. Several and decisive British victories against foreign forces.
414
Drust, son of Erp, a Pict, begins his reign.
418
A Roman commander, perhaps a former Comes Britanniarum, leaves Britain. His son is perhaps Ambrosius. Pope Zosimus declares Pelagius a heretic.
420
Pictish raids from the north. Kingdom of Powys founded.
425
Vortigern gains power in central and southern Britain. Ambrosius the Elder dies. Vortigern proclaimed Emperor of Britain. Born in Gloucester. Maybe Vortigern now has talks with the Saxons, about employing them to fight the Picts. Apparent failure of Ambrosius’ policies. Perhaps a council convened and elected Vortigern. A general decision to employ Saxons. The council and Vortigern decide where to place the Saxons, i.e. in strategic places within East Anglia, Lincolnshire and Kent. The Saxons moved into these allotted areas.
428
Hengist and Horsa land, welcomed by Vortigern. Arrived with an army, though small. (The three ship loads). Given the Isle of Thanet to settle. Other Saxon forces placed around the country as protection against the Picts. A scribe in Ravenna names a Saxon prince as Anschis, could be a corruption of Hengist.
429
St.Germanus of Auxerre visits Verulamium (St.Albans) to begin the fight against Pelagianism. Finds the town prosperous. At this time possibly an alliance between the Picts and the Irish. St.Germanus fought a battle probably against these two peoples somewhere in the west.
430
Some Frisians settle in Dumfries, which means stronghold of the Frisians.
432
A possible Saxon raid against King Leogaire of Ireland, perhaps initiated by Vortigern as a warning to the Irish to stop raiding and plundering western Britain. St.Ninian, a Briton, who spread Christianity to the Picts, died. He had built a church at Whithorn (Whitehouse) in Galloway.
437
Ambrosius Aurelanius fought Vitalinus at Guolopp (Wallop, Hampshire). Vitalinus defeated? Civil war. Many men on the council choose to expel the Saxons. The Saxons told Vortigern that if they could bring over more of their people, they could fight for Vortigern against his British enemies.
441
First Saxon Revolt. Anglo-Saxons saw the weakness of the British authorities. Saxons now larger in number.
442
Revolt continues. A peace conference may have been organized.
442-443
Revolt continues. Eastern Britain comes under the control of the Saxons. This is from a contemporary Gallish chronicler, though archaeologically only certain areas of Eastern Britain feel Saxon rule. Many Britons of lowland Britain perhaps begin to reject the authority of Vortigern due to recent Saxon uprising.
444
The revolt continues.
445
Some British resistance organized, perhaps led by Ambrosius Aurelanius. Several British victories. Battle at Aylesord, Horsa killed. A plague epidemic weakens Vortigern’s rule.
446
St.Germanus revisits Britain, finds the towns much destroyed and in ruin.
447
Vortigern possibly dies now.
449
Battle of Crayford, Saxon victory. British forsook Kent and fled to London.
450
Letter written by a “British faction” to the Roman ruler in Gaul – Aetius, asking for help regarding the serious Saxon raids of the 440’s.
452
British victory at Richborough. More British victories. At this point the Saxons may have been temporarily contained. Vortimer dies.
c.454
A northern ruler, Coroticus, raided nearby Ireland. St.Patrick wrote a letter of complaint about this.
458
Drust the Pict’s reign ends.
459
Britu loses power due to Saxon revolt in c.455. Migration of Britons to Amorica (future Brittany). Aelle lands at Sussex which was ceded by Vortigern. The River Arun the western limit/boundary of the early Sussex settlement.
460
Maybe now Ambrosius Aurelanius comes to power. British try to work together to fight the Saxons. Saxons, though raiding inland, still mostly confined to old areas of settlement, because of new British resistance.
461
British combat units on horses go out to fight the Saxons who marched on foot with spears. This type of warfare continues for many years.
464
During the 460’s Ambrosius leads the British to many victories over the Saxons.
470
About twelve thousand Britons under Riothamus arrive in Amorica to fight the Visigoths.
471
Second Saxon raid on Ireland.
472
Pevensey falls to the Sussex Saxons.
475
Ambrosius Aurelanius dies?
476
Saxons begin to get the upper hand again. More landings in the 470’s.
477
Saxon landing at Cymenesora (Selsey peninsular – East of Portsmouth).
478
Around this time and continuing for quite a while, huge numbers of migrants arrive from northern Germany. These people came more as settlers rather than as warriors.
480
Saxons arrive in Hampshire, possibly Portchester.
483
Before, during and after this time – a stalemate. Saxons could/would not expand. British knew they could not expel the Saxons, though raids and fighting did occur.
485
Aelle defeats Britons at River Arun.
488
Heavy fighting in the north. Hengist dies, succeeded by Octha.
495
Battle of Mt.Badon (Mons Badonicus). Saxons hugely defeated by the British. Battle probably somewhere near Bath. Oesc of Kent (a Jute) fell at Badon. Cerdic arrives at Selsey? Not the last battle fought, but one of the last and almost certainly the most decisive. Some Saxons even return to the continent.
496
From 496 to roughly 516 were good years for the British. Gildas remembered these times with nostalgia.
500
Dal Riada Scots arrive in northern Britain. Catwallaun Longhand expelled the Irish from Anglesey.
508
Cerdic’s victory over the British King Natanleod?
c.515
British leader Riwalus from the West Country leads a contingent of Britons to Amorica.
520
Viroconium in Shropshire abandoned.
530
Conquest of the Isle of Wight by Cerdic and Cynric?
531
Things start to go bad for the British government. Internal fighting, power plays, corruption. The Frankish King Theuderich receives a party of Angles who left Britain and went to Cuxhaven. He settled them in newly conquered lands between Unstrut and Saale. A district in that area is still called Engilin.
540
Some kind of climactic change in Europe, colder weather in the north, the sun shone less brightly.
541
Gildas wrote his account – De Excidio Britanniae, his complaining book. A plague sweeps the Roman world including Britain, however the Saxons are mostly unaffected by it.
547
Ida founds the Northumbrian kingdom.
550
Another plague.
552
Saxon victory at Old Sarum, the first major Saxon advance since Badon.
c.554
Picts bring in Bridei who was probably Maelgwn of Gwynedd as their king. Pictish influence eventually spreads to Orkney and the Western Isles.
556
Saxon battle at Barbury Castle. Cynric the Saxon leader, though no victory reported.
560
Ceawlin succeeds Cynric?
562
Avebury falls to Ceawlin.
563
St.Columba sails from Ireland to found Iona.
567
Aethelberht of Kent ‘put to flight’ by early Wessex Saxons.
571
Buckinghamshire to upper Thames overrun by Wessex Saxons. Cuthwulf captures ‘royal’ towns of Aylesbury, Benson, Limbury. Cuthwulf defeats the British at Bedford. He came from Haslingfield, south-west of Cambridge and his army moved down along the Icknield Way. This is the Second Saxon Revolt. Theodric begins ruling the Angles in early Northumbria until about 578.
577
Battle of Dryham. Fall of Gloucester, Cirencester, Bath to the Saxons. Ceawlin fought there. Tennyson called this the “last dim, weird battle in the west”.
580
Beginning of Saxon revolt in the north.
581
Saxons advance reaches as far as the Wye.
584
Possible Saxon defeat in western areas followed by a withdrawal, maybe somewhere near the Wye. Mercian monarchy founded.
585
Ceawlin fought Britons at Battle of Fethanleag, maybe near Stoke Lyme in north-east Oxfordshire.
592
Great slaughter at Woden’s Barrow in north Wiltshire. Ceawlin was driven out. Barrow is a mile south of the Wansdyke.
597
St.Augustine arrives in Kent to begin preaching. Ceolwulf begins his reign over Wessex.
598
Two northern Anglian kingdoms join together to defeat the British at the Battle of Catraeth – Catterick in Yorkshire.
599
Redwald begins ruling East Anglia.
603
Aedan mac Gabran, king of Dalriadic Scots, leads an army against Northumbrian King Athelfrith but is defeated. Battle fought at Degsastan.
614
Cynegils and Cwichelm defeat Britons at Beandun – modern Bindon. Saxons battle against the Dumnonians near Axminster.
616
Battle of Chester.
625
Radwald’s reign of East Anglia ends.
626
Penda begins his rule of Mercia.
627
Edinburgh overrun by Angles.
645
Second Battle of Badon (according to Welsh annals).
Overview
367 to 410 – End of Empire
Instability on the continent causes troops to be gradually withdrawn from Britain, a place which is increasingly seen as to remote to warrant the upkeep of large numbers of soldiers.
Irish, Pictish and Saxon raids bight at the edges of Roman Britain. Life continues pretty much as it had done since the Romans first arrived in 43AD.
411 to 442 – Independent
Now responsible for their own actions, the British government chooses to hire Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to protect lowland Britain from devastating Pictish raids from the north. At first the plan is successful, though the Saxons quickly grow in number and power. Life in the towns continues, though now with fewer luxuries. Christianity has spread considerably, though the Celtic religions are still practiced all across the island. Vortigern was simply following Roman practice of hiring Saxons to defend Britain. It had worked during Empire. Roman officials had hired Saxon ‘federates’ during the mid to late fourth century to defend Britain.
441 to 494 – Destruction
The Saxons rise up and spread out from their original locations. Many towns are either badly damaged or destroyed. The Roman way of life is largely swept away. Some of the Britons find refuge in the old Celtic hillforts. Anglo-Saxon numbers increase as boatloads of their people migrate to Britain. The British begin to organize effective counterattacks.
495 to 530 – Peace
The Saxon onslaught is haltered with the Battle of Badon. The invaders return to their villages in eastern Britain, some even return to the continent. Roman Britain is gone, however the Saxons have been contained - the British now must pick up the pieces and try to rebuild their land.
531 to 570 – Tension Builds
The British government suffers disunity and civil strife. Saxons make small advances. The politicians and churchmen seem unable to bring the people together. Several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have their beginnings.
571 onwards – Floodgates Open
A cluster of Saxon villages in the Upper Thames area break out causing the Second Saxon Revolt. The Saxons are so numerous, and the British so disunited, that the Saxons quickly score one victory after another. Early English kingdoms take shape, and St. Augustine arrives in Kent to preach Christianity to the Saxons.
Bibliography
Alcock, L “Arthur’s Britain”, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1983
Ashe, G “King Arthur’s Avalon – The Story of Glastonbury”, Collins Fontana Books, London, 1973
Ashe, G “Kings & Queens of Early Britain”, Methuen, London, 1982
Morris, J “The Age of Arthur”, Phoenix, London 1995
Phillips, G, Keatman, M “King Arthur – The True Story”, Arrow, London, 1993
Wood, M “In Search of the Dark Ages”, Penguin/BBC Books, London, 1994
410 Romans leave
411-412 British victories against Pictish threat
425 Vortigern to power
428 First English arrive
442 English revolt
442-460 Many English victories
460-495 Organised British resistance
495 Battle of Badon
496-516 Gildas remembers these years as good years
541 Gildas writes his book
570’s Renewed and successful English campaigns
367
Pictish raids. Hadrian’s Wall badly damaged. Many Roman troops deserted and fled south. Picts plundered far into southern Britain. Brief revival of paganism, though quickly stopped.
368
Many military initiatives taken to secure towns and build defenses.
370
For the time being, Britain largely secure from barbarian raids.
383
Magnus Maximus, probably Dux Britanniarum, rebelled and took many troops to Gaul.
385
St. Patrick (Patricius [from patrician] Magonus or Maun) born somewhere on western coastline of Britain.
397
A Saxon raid is reported, though where is unknown.
401
St.Patrick captured by Irish pirates, sold as a slave in Antrim.
402
Stilicho withdraws some legions from Britain to face a threat to Italy by the Gauls.
405
Irish King Niall raids Britain, most likely the western coast.
406
Constantine III proclaimed Emperor in Britain. Two others were elected before him but did nothing – Marcus and Gratian. Both of these men ruled only for a few months each but were soon killed.
407
St.Patrick escapes Ireland.
408
Last Roman troops withdrawn from Britain. A political party, perhaps the Pelagians, wanting self rule, become powerful. Stilicho dies.
409
Propser says the Britons evicted weak Roman officials and began fighting for themselves.
410
Emperor Honorius refuses request from British authorities for military aid for combat against the Picts. He addressed his reply to the local councils, not to a Comes or dux Britanniarum. Councils decide to look to their own defenses. Britain declares its independence from Rome. Rome sacked by the Goths under Alaric on 24 August.
411-412
Saxon raid on Channel coast. A new government/council formed in the absence of Roman rule. Ambrosius the Elder proclaimed Emperor, either now or in the next few years. Several and decisive British victories against foreign forces.
414
Drust, son of Erp, a Pict, begins his reign.
418
A Roman commander, perhaps a former Comes Britanniarum, leaves Britain. His son is perhaps Ambrosius. Pope Zosimus declares Pelagius a heretic.
420
Pictish raids from the north. Kingdom of Powys founded.
425
Vortigern gains power in central and southern Britain. Ambrosius the Elder dies. Vortigern proclaimed Emperor of Britain. Born in Gloucester. Maybe Vortigern now has talks with the Saxons, about employing them to fight the Picts. Apparent failure of Ambrosius’ policies. Perhaps a council convened and elected Vortigern. A general decision to employ Saxons. The council and Vortigern decide where to place the Saxons, i.e. in strategic places within East Anglia, Lincolnshire and Kent. The Saxons moved into these allotted areas.
428
Hengist and Horsa land, welcomed by Vortigern. Arrived with an army, though small. (The three ship loads). Given the Isle of Thanet to settle. Other Saxon forces placed around the country as protection against the Picts. A scribe in Ravenna names a Saxon prince as Anschis, could be a corruption of Hengist.
429
St.Germanus of Auxerre visits Verulamium (St.Albans) to begin the fight against Pelagianism. Finds the town prosperous. At this time possibly an alliance between the Picts and the Irish. St.Germanus fought a battle probably against these two peoples somewhere in the west.
430
Some Frisians settle in Dumfries, which means stronghold of the Frisians.
432
A possible Saxon raid against King Leogaire of Ireland, perhaps initiated by Vortigern as a warning to the Irish to stop raiding and plundering western Britain. St.Ninian, a Briton, who spread Christianity to the Picts, died. He had built a church at Whithorn (Whitehouse) in Galloway.
437
Ambrosius Aurelanius fought Vitalinus at Guolopp (Wallop, Hampshire). Vitalinus defeated? Civil war. Many men on the council choose to expel the Saxons. The Saxons told Vortigern that if they could bring over more of their people, they could fight for Vortigern against his British enemies.
441
First Saxon Revolt. Anglo-Saxons saw the weakness of the British authorities. Saxons now larger in number.
442
Revolt continues. A peace conference may have been organized.
442-443
Revolt continues. Eastern Britain comes under the control of the Saxons. This is from a contemporary Gallish chronicler, though archaeologically only certain areas of Eastern Britain feel Saxon rule. Many Britons of lowland Britain perhaps begin to reject the authority of Vortigern due to recent Saxon uprising.
444
The revolt continues.
445
Some British resistance organized, perhaps led by Ambrosius Aurelanius. Several British victories. Battle at Aylesord, Horsa killed. A plague epidemic weakens Vortigern’s rule.
446
St.Germanus revisits Britain, finds the towns much destroyed and in ruin.
447
Vortigern possibly dies now.
449
Battle of Crayford, Saxon victory. British forsook Kent and fled to London.
450
Letter written by a “British faction” to the Roman ruler in Gaul – Aetius, asking for help regarding the serious Saxon raids of the 440’s.
452
British victory at Richborough. More British victories. At this point the Saxons may have been temporarily contained. Vortimer dies.
c.454
A northern ruler, Coroticus, raided nearby Ireland. St.Patrick wrote a letter of complaint about this.
458
Drust the Pict’s reign ends.
459
Britu loses power due to Saxon revolt in c.455. Migration of Britons to Amorica (future Brittany). Aelle lands at Sussex which was ceded by Vortigern. The River Arun the western limit/boundary of the early Sussex settlement.
460
Maybe now Ambrosius Aurelanius comes to power. British try to work together to fight the Saxons. Saxons, though raiding inland, still mostly confined to old areas of settlement, because of new British resistance.
461
British combat units on horses go out to fight the Saxons who marched on foot with spears. This type of warfare continues for many years.
464
During the 460’s Ambrosius leads the British to many victories over the Saxons.
470
About twelve thousand Britons under Riothamus arrive in Amorica to fight the Visigoths.
471
Second Saxon raid on Ireland.
472
Pevensey falls to the Sussex Saxons.
475
Ambrosius Aurelanius dies?
476
Saxons begin to get the upper hand again. More landings in the 470’s.
477
Saxon landing at Cymenesora (Selsey peninsular – East of Portsmouth).
478
Around this time and continuing for quite a while, huge numbers of migrants arrive from northern Germany. These people came more as settlers rather than as warriors.
480
Saxons arrive in Hampshire, possibly Portchester.
483
Before, during and after this time – a stalemate. Saxons could/would not expand. British knew they could not expel the Saxons, though raids and fighting did occur.
485
Aelle defeats Britons at River Arun.
488
Heavy fighting in the north. Hengist dies, succeeded by Octha.
495
Battle of Mt.Badon (Mons Badonicus). Saxons hugely defeated by the British. Battle probably somewhere near Bath. Oesc of Kent (a Jute) fell at Badon. Cerdic arrives at Selsey? Not the last battle fought, but one of the last and almost certainly the most decisive. Some Saxons even return to the continent.
496
From 496 to roughly 516 were good years for the British. Gildas remembered these times with nostalgia.
500
Dal Riada Scots arrive in northern Britain. Catwallaun Longhand expelled the Irish from Anglesey.
508
Cerdic’s victory over the British King Natanleod?
c.515
British leader Riwalus from the West Country leads a contingent of Britons to Amorica.
520
Viroconium in Shropshire abandoned.
530
Conquest of the Isle of Wight by Cerdic and Cynric?
531
Things start to go bad for the British government. Internal fighting, power plays, corruption. The Frankish King Theuderich receives a party of Angles who left Britain and went to Cuxhaven. He settled them in newly conquered lands between Unstrut and Saale. A district in that area is still called Engilin.
540
Some kind of climactic change in Europe, colder weather in the north, the sun shone less brightly.
541
Gildas wrote his account – De Excidio Britanniae, his complaining book. A plague sweeps the Roman world including Britain, however the Saxons are mostly unaffected by it.
547
Ida founds the Northumbrian kingdom.
550
Another plague.
552
Saxon victory at Old Sarum, the first major Saxon advance since Badon.
c.554
Picts bring in Bridei who was probably Maelgwn of Gwynedd as their king. Pictish influence eventually spreads to Orkney and the Western Isles.
556
Saxon battle at Barbury Castle. Cynric the Saxon leader, though no victory reported.
560
Ceawlin succeeds Cynric?
562
Avebury falls to Ceawlin.
563
St.Columba sails from Ireland to found Iona.
567
Aethelberht of Kent ‘put to flight’ by early Wessex Saxons.
571
Buckinghamshire to upper Thames overrun by Wessex Saxons. Cuthwulf captures ‘royal’ towns of Aylesbury, Benson, Limbury. Cuthwulf defeats the British at Bedford. He came from Haslingfield, south-west of Cambridge and his army moved down along the Icknield Way. This is the Second Saxon Revolt. Theodric begins ruling the Angles in early Northumbria until about 578.
577
Battle of Dryham. Fall of Gloucester, Cirencester, Bath to the Saxons. Ceawlin fought there. Tennyson called this the “last dim, weird battle in the west”.
580
Beginning of Saxon revolt in the north.
581
Saxons advance reaches as far as the Wye.
584
Possible Saxon defeat in western areas followed by a withdrawal, maybe somewhere near the Wye. Mercian monarchy founded.
585
Ceawlin fought Britons at Battle of Fethanleag, maybe near Stoke Lyme in north-east Oxfordshire.
592
Great slaughter at Woden’s Barrow in north Wiltshire. Ceawlin was driven out. Barrow is a mile south of the Wansdyke.
597
St.Augustine arrives in Kent to begin preaching. Ceolwulf begins his reign over Wessex.
598
Two northern Anglian kingdoms join together to defeat the British at the Battle of Catraeth – Catterick in Yorkshire.
599
Redwald begins ruling East Anglia.
603
Aedan mac Gabran, king of Dalriadic Scots, leads an army against Northumbrian King Athelfrith but is defeated. Battle fought at Degsastan.
614
Cynegils and Cwichelm defeat Britons at Beandun – modern Bindon. Saxons battle against the Dumnonians near Axminster.
616
Battle of Chester.
625
Radwald’s reign of East Anglia ends.
626
Penda begins his rule of Mercia.
627
Edinburgh overrun by Angles.
645
Second Battle of Badon (according to Welsh annals).
Overview
367 to 410 – End of Empire
Instability on the continent causes troops to be gradually withdrawn from Britain, a place which is increasingly seen as to remote to warrant the upkeep of large numbers of soldiers.
Irish, Pictish and Saxon raids bight at the edges of Roman Britain. Life continues pretty much as it had done since the Romans first arrived in 43AD.
411 to 442 – Independent
Now responsible for their own actions, the British government chooses to hire Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to protect lowland Britain from devastating Pictish raids from the north. At first the plan is successful, though the Saxons quickly grow in number and power. Life in the towns continues, though now with fewer luxuries. Christianity has spread considerably, though the Celtic religions are still practiced all across the island. Vortigern was simply following Roman practice of hiring Saxons to defend Britain. It had worked during Empire. Roman officials had hired Saxon ‘federates’ during the mid to late fourth century to defend Britain.
441 to 494 – Destruction
The Saxons rise up and spread out from their original locations. Many towns are either badly damaged or destroyed. The Roman way of life is largely swept away. Some of the Britons find refuge in the old Celtic hillforts. Anglo-Saxon numbers increase as boatloads of their people migrate to Britain. The British begin to organize effective counterattacks.
495 to 530 – Peace
The Saxon onslaught is haltered with the Battle of Badon. The invaders return to their villages in eastern Britain, some even return to the continent. Roman Britain is gone, however the Saxons have been contained - the British now must pick up the pieces and try to rebuild their land.
531 to 570 – Tension Builds
The British government suffers disunity and civil strife. Saxons make small advances. The politicians and churchmen seem unable to bring the people together. Several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have their beginnings.
571 onwards – Floodgates Open
A cluster of Saxon villages in the Upper Thames area break out causing the Second Saxon Revolt. The Saxons are so numerous, and the British so disunited, that the Saxons quickly score one victory after another. Early English kingdoms take shape, and St. Augustine arrives in Kent to preach Christianity to the Saxons.
Bibliography
Alcock, L “Arthur’s Britain”, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1983
Ashe, G “King Arthur’s Avalon – The Story of Glastonbury”, Collins Fontana Books, London, 1973
Ashe, G “Kings & Queens of Early Britain”, Methuen, London, 1982
Morris, J “The Age of Arthur”, Phoenix, London 1995
Phillips, G, Keatman, M “King Arthur – The True Story”, Arrow, London, 1993
Wood, M “In Search of the Dark Ages”, Penguin/BBC Books, London, 1994
410 Romans leave
411-412 British victories against Pictish threat
425 Vortigern to power
428 First English arrive
442 English revolt
442-460 Many English victories
460-495 Organised British resistance
495 Battle of Badon
496-516 Gildas remembers these years as good years
541 Gildas writes his book
570’s Renewed and successful English campaigns
posted by Rob at 7:28 PM
0 Comments:
Post a Comment
<< Home